Danielle Ross was alone in an
empty room at the Obama campaign headquarters in Kokomo, Ind., a
cellphone in one hand, a voter call list in the other. She was
stretched out on the carpeted floor wearing laceless sky-blue
Converses, stories from the trail on her mind. It was the day before
Indiana's primary, and she had just been chased by dogs while
canvassing in a Kokomo suburb. But that was not the worst thing to
occur since she postponed her sophomore year at Middle Tennessee State
University, in part to hopscotch America stumping for Barack Obama.
Here's the worst: In Muncie, a factory town in the east-central part of
Indiana, Ross and her cohorts were soliciting support for Obama at
malls, on street corners and in a Wal-Mart parking lot, and they ran
into "a horrible response," as Ross put it, a level of anti-black
sentiment that none of them had anticipated.
"The
first person I encountered was like, 'I'll never vote for a black
person,' " recalled Ross, who is white and just turned 20. "People just
weren't receptive."
For all the hope and excitement Obama's candidacy is generating, some
of his field workers, phone-bank volunteers and campaign surrogates are
encountering a raw racism and hostility that have gone largely
unnoticed -- and unreported -- this election season. Doors have been
slammed in their faces. They've been called racially derogatory names
(including the white volunteers). And they've endured malicious rants
and ugly stereotyping from people who can't fathom that the senator
from Illinois could become the first African American president.
The contrast between the large, adoring crowds Obama draws at public
events and the gritty street-level work to win votes is stark. The
candidate is largely insulated from the mean-spiritedness that some of
his foot soldiers deal with away from the media spotlight.
Meeting cruel reaction
Victoria Switzer, a retired social studies teacher, was on phone-bank
duty one night during the Pennsylvania primary campaign. One night was
all she could take: "It wasn't pretty." She made 60 calls to
prospective voters in Susquehanna County, her home county, which is 98
percent white. The responses were dispiriting. One caller, Switzer
remembers, said he couldn't possibly vote for Obama and concluded:
"Hang that darky from a tree!"
Documentary filmmaker Rory Kennedy, the daughter of the late Robert F.
Kennedy, said she, too, came across "a lot of racism" when campaigning
for Obama in Pennsylvania. One Pittsburgh union organizer told her he
would not vote for Obama because he is black, and a white voter, she
said, offered this frank reason for not backing Obama: "White people
look out for white people, and black people look out for black people."
Obama campaign officials say such incidents are isolated, that the
experience of most volunteers and staffers has been overwhelmingly
positive.
The campaign released this statement in response to questions about
encounters with racism: "After campaigning for 15 months in nearly all
50 states, Barack Obama and our entire campaign have been nothing but
impressed and encouraged by the core decency, kindness, and generosity
of Americans from all walks of life. The last year has only reinforced
Senator Obama's view that this country is not as divided as our
politics suggest."
Campaign field work can be an exercise in confronting the fears,
anxieties and prejudices of voters. Veterans of the civil rights
movement know what this feels like, as do those who have been involved
in battles over busing, immigration or abortion. But through the Obama
campaign, some young people are having their first experience joining a
cause and meeting cruel reaction.
On Election Day in Kokomo, a group of black high school students were
holding up Obama signs along U.S. 31, a major thoroughfare. As drivers
cruised by, a number of them rolled down their windows and yelled out a
common racial slur for African Americans, according to Obama campaign
staffers.
Frederick Murrell, a black Kokomo High School senior, was not there but
heard what happened. He was more disappointed than surprised. During
his own canvassing for Obama, Murrell said, he had "a lot of doors
slammed" in his face. But taunting teenagers on a busy commercial strip
in broad daylight? "I was very shocked at first," Murrell said. "Then
again, I wasn't, because we have a lot of racism here."
Vandalism, bomb threats
The bigotry has gone beyond words. In Vincennes, the Obama campaign
office was vandalized at 2 a.m. on the eve of the primary, according to
police. A large plate-glass window was smashed, an American flag
stolen. Other windows were spray-painted with references to Obama's
controversial former pastor, the Rev. Jeremiah Wright, and other
political messages: "Hamas votes BHO" and "We don't cling to guns or
religion. Goddamn Wright."
Ray McCormick was notified of the incident at about 2:45 a.m. A farmer
and conservationist, McCormick had erected a giant billboard on a major
highway on behalf of Farmers for Obama. He also was housing the Obama
campaign worker manning the office. When McCormick arrived at the
office, about two hours before he was due out of bed to plant corn, he
grabbed his camera and wanted to alert the media. "I thought, this is a
big deal." But he was told Obama campaign officials didn't want to make
a big deal of the incident. McCormick took photos anyway and
distributed some.
"The
pictures represent what we are breaking through and overcoming," he
said. As McCormick, who is white, sees it, Obama is succeeding despite
these incidents. Later, there would be bomb threats to three Obama
campaign offices in Indiana, including the one in Vincennes, according
to campaign sources.
Obama has not spoken much about racism during this campaign. He has
sought to emphasize connections among Americans rather than divisions.
He shrugged off safety concerns that led to early Secret Service
protection and has told black senior citizens who worry that racists
will do him harm: Don't fret. Earlier in the campaign, a 68-year-old
woman in Carson City, Nev., voiced concern that the country was not
ready to elect an African American president.
"Will there be some folks who probably won't vote for me because I am
black? Of course," Obama said, "just like there may be somebody who
won't vote for Hillary because she's a woman or wouldn't vote for John
Edwards because they don't like his accent. But the question is, 'Can
we get a majority of the American people to give us a fair hearing?' "
Skilled at bridging divides
Obama has won 30 of 50 Democratic contests so far, the kind of
nationwide electoral triumph no black candidate has ever realized. That
he is on the brink of capturing the Democratic nomination, some say, is
a testament to how far the country has progressed in overcoming racism
and evidence of Obama's skill at bridging divides.
Obama has won five of 12 primaries in which black voters made up less
than 10 percent of the electorate, and caucuses in states such as Idaho
and Wyoming that are overwhelmingly white. But exit polls show he has
struggled to attract white voters who didn't attend college and earn
less than $50,000 a year. Today, he and Hillary Clinton square off in
West Virginia, a state where she is favored and where the votes of
working-class whites will again be closely watched.
For the most part, Obama campaign workers say, the 2008 election cycle
has been exhilarating. On the ground, the Obama campaign is being
driven by youngsters, many of whom are imbued with an optimism
undeterred by racial intolerance. "We've grown up in a different
world," says Danielle Ross. Field offices are staffed by 20-somethings
who hold positions -- state director, regional field director, field
organizer -- that are typically off limits to newcomers to presidential
politics.
Gillian Bergeron, 23, was in charge of a five-county regional operation
in northeastern Pennsylvania. The oldest member of her team was 27. At
Scranton's annual Saint Patrick's Day parade, some of the green Obama
signs distributed by staffers were burned along the parade route. That
was the first signal that this wasn't exactly Obama country. There
would be others.
In
a letter to the editor published in a local paper, Tunkhannock Borough
Mayor Norm Ball explained his support of Hillary Clinton this way:
"Barack Hussein Obama and all of his talk will do nothing for our
country. There is so much that people don't know about his upbringing
in the Muslim world. His stepfather was a radical Muslim and the
ranting of his minister against the white America, you can't convince
me that some of that didn't rub off on him.
"No, I want a president that will salute our flag, and put their hand on the Bible when they take the oath of office."
Obama's campaign workers have grown wearily accustomed to the lies
about the candidate's supposed radical Muslim ties and lack of
patriotism. But they are sometimes astonished when public officials
such as Ball or others representing the campaign of their opponent
traffic in these falsehoods.
Karen
Seifert, a volunteer from New York, was outside of the largest polling
location in Lackawanna County, Pa., on primary day when she was pressed
by a Clinton volunteer to explain her backing of Obama. "I trust him,"
Seifert replied. According to Seifert, the woman pointed to Obama's
face on Seifert's T-shirt and said: "He's a half-breed and he's a
Muslim. How can you trust that?"
Racial attitudes difficult to measure
Pollsters have found it difficult to accurately measure racial
attitudes, as some voters are unwilling to acknowledge the role that
race plays in their thinking. But some are not. Susan Dzimian, a
Clinton supporter who owns residential properties, said outside a
polling location in Kokomo that race was a factor in how she viewed
Obama. "I think if it was somebody other than him, I'd accept it," she
said of a black candidate. "If Colin Powell had run, I would be willing
to accept him."
The previous evening, Dondra Ewing was driving the neighborhoods of
Kokomo, looking to turn around voters like Dzimian. Ewing, 47, is a
chain-smoking middle school guidance counselor, a black single mother
of two and one of the most fiercely vigilant Obama volunteers in
Kokomo, which was once a Ku Klux Klan stronghold. On July 4, 1923,
Kokomo hosted the largest Klan gathering in history -- an estimated
200,000 followers flocked to a local park. But these are not the 1920s,
and Ewing believes she can persuade anybody to back Obama. Her mother,
after all, was the first African American elected at-large to the
school board in a community that is 10 percent black.
Kokomo, population 46,000, is another hard-hit Midwestern industrial
town stung by layoffs. Longtimers wistfully remember the glory years of
Continental Steel and speak mournfully about the jobs shipped overseas.
Kokomo Sanitary Pottery, which made bathroom sinks and toilets, shut
down a couple of months ago and took with it 150 jobs.
Aaron Roe, 23, was mowing lawns at a local cemetery recently, lamenting
his $8-an-hour job with no benefits. He had earned a community college
degree as an industrial electrician, but learned there was no
electrical work to be found for someone with his experience, which is
to say none. Politics wasn't on his mind; frustration was. If he were
to vote, it would not be for Obama, he said. "I just got a funny
feeling about him," Roe said, a feeling he couldn't specify, except to
say race wasn't a part of it. "Race ain't nothing," said Roe, who is
white. "It's how they're going to help the country."
People with funny feelings
The Aaron Roes are exactly who Dondra Ewing was after: people with funny feelings.
At the Bradford Run Apartments, she found Robert Cox, a retiree who
spent 30 years working for an electronics manufacturer making computer
chips. He was in his suspenders, grilling shish kebab, which he had
never eaten. "Something new," Cox said, recommended by his son who was
visiting from Colorado.
Ewing was selling him hard on Obama. "There are more than two families
that can run the United States of America," she said, "and their names
aren't Bush and Clinton."
"Yeah, I know, I know," Cox said, remaining noncommittal.
He opened the grill and peeked at the kebabs. "It's not his race,
because I got real good friends and all that," Cox continued. "If
anything would keep him from getting elected, it would be his name. It
might turn off some older people."
Like him?
"No, older than me," said Cox, 66.
Ewing kept talking, until finally Cox said, "Probably Obama," when asked directly how he would vote.
As she walked away, Ewing said: "I think we got him."
But truthfully, she wasn't feeling so sure.
Staff writer Peter Slevin and polling analyst Jennifer Agiesta contributed to this report.
© 2008 The Washington Post Company.
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